FoodTech Calc Food Technology What Are Carbohydrates? Structures

Carbohydrate Structures

Chemical structures referenced in: What Are Carbohydrates?

Food Technology Structures
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Figure
Fig. Example for carbohydrate based on the functional group

Monosaccharides: Aldoses vs. Ketoses

Trioses: 3-Carbon Sugars (C3H6O3)
Aldose (Aldehyde)
CO H CHOH CH
Glyceraldehyde
Ketose (Ketone)
CH CO CH
Dihydroxyacetone
Pentoses: 5-Carbon Sugars (C5H10O5)
Aldose
CO COH COH COH H
Ribose
Ketose
C CO COH COH H
Ribulose
Hexoses: 6-Carbon Sugars (C6H12O6)
Aldose
CO COH CHO COH COH CH
Glucose
Ketose
C CO CHO COH COH CH
Fructose
Figure
Fig. Example for carbohydrate based on the carbon count
CHO
H
OH
CH2OH
glyceraldehyde
(triose)
CHO
HO
H
H
OH
CH2OH
threose
(tetrose)
CHO
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
ribose
(pentose)
CHO
H
OH
HO
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
glucose
(hexose)
(aldohexose)
CH2OH
= O
HO
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
fructose
(hexose)
(ketohexose)
Figure
Aldohexose and keto-pentose differ in the number of carbon atoms and in the type of carbonyl group they contain.
O
||
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
H
OH
An aldohexose
OH
H
C
H
C= O
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
H
OH
A ketopentose
Aldehyde
Ketone
Figure
Fig. Most common basic and complex carbohydrates in human diet.
--- config: layout: fixed --- flowchart TB Title["<center><b>The principal carbohydrates in the human diet</b></center>"] --- Food["Food carbohydrates"] Food --- Poly["Polysaccharides"] & Dex["Dextrins"] & Free["Free sugars"] Poly --- NSP["Non-starch polysaccharides"] & Starch["Starch"] NSP --- Cell["Cellulose"] & Hemi["Hemicelluloses"] Hemi --- Pectins["<b>Pectins:</b><br>Rhamnogalacturonans<br>Arabinogalactans"] & Xylans["<b>Xylans:</b><br>Xyloglucans<br>Galactomannans<br>β-Glucans"] & Gums["<b>Gums and mucilages:</b><br>Gum arabic, Tragacanth, Guar,<br>Locust bean, Alginic acid,<br>Carrageenan, Xanthan gum"] Starch --- Amy["Amylose<br>Amylopectin"] Free --- Mono["Monosaccharides"] & Alc["Sugar alcohols"] & Dis["Disaccharides"] & Oligo["Oligosaccharides"] Mono --- MonoL["Glucose, Fructose,<br>Mannose, Ribose,<br>Deoxyribose"] Alc --- AlcL["Sorbitol, Mannitol,<br>Dulcitol, Inositol"] Dis --- DisL["Sucrose, Lactose,<br>Maltose, Trehalose"] Oligo --- OligoL["Raffinose, Stachyose,<br>Verbascose, Fructans"] OligoL -.-> FructanNotes["<b>Fructans / FOS</b><br>Inulin: β2→1 fructan, α1→2 glucose<br>Levan: β-fructans"] Dex -.-> DexNotes["<b>Dextrin:</b> Oligopolysaccharide<br>α1→4, α1→6"] OtherNSP["<b>Other NSP:</b><br>1. Pullulan - Branched maltotriose<br>2. Dextrans - Branched glucan<br>α1→6, α1→3"] style Title fill:#90ee90,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px style NSP fill:#ffffcc,stroke:#333 style Cell fill:#ffffcc,stroke:#333 style Hemi fill:#ffffcc,stroke:#333 style FructanNotes fill:#fff,stroke-dasharray: 5 5 style DexNotes fill:#fff,stroke-dasharray: 5 5
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